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It took more than 3 years to complete this series on ‘Architecture of Indian States’. Yes, it is indeed a long time, but as it is said, “slow and steady wins the race”, so do this series come to a steady end. It started with the architecture of West Bengal, with the concluding article being the architecture of Andhra, fulfilling the entire 28 states of India.
Find a brief summary and quick access of each article in this page.
Architecture of Andhra Pradesh
The architecture of Andhra Pradesh is a captivating blend of history, culture, and innovation, reflecting the state’s rich heritage and evolving identity. From the grandeur of ancient temples and medieval forts to the simplicity of tribal dwellings and contemporary designs, the architectural landscape tells stories of dynasties, faith, and local craftsmanship.
Architecture of Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh, nestled in the northeastern Himalayas of India, is a living tapestry of architectural heritage deeply intertwined with its natural landscape and cultural richness. From the intricate bamboo craftsmanship of the Great Hornbill Gate to the majestic Tawang Monastery, the state’s architecture reflects a seamless blend of tradition and innovation. The region’s indigenous communities, like the Apatani, Galo, and Singpho, have long practiced sustainable construction using bamboo, cane, and timber, while modern structures embrace these materials with contemporary design principles.
Architecture of Assam
Assam’s medieval architecture reflects a blend of present-day Bangladesh and Myanmar influences while maintaining strong cultural ties with mainland India. Ancient temples, historic ruins, majestic forts, and a rich natural landscape characterize the state’s architectural heritage. The evolution of Assam’s architecture is closely linked to the rule of various dynasties, each leaving its distinct mark on the region’s built heritage.
Architecture of Bihar
Bihar’s architecture reflects a rich blend of styles influenced by Buddhism, Hinduism, Indo-Islamic, and Indo-European traditions. The state boasts two UNESCO World Heritage Sites—the Mahabodhi Temple and the Ruins of Nalanda University—both showcasing remarkable historical craftsmanship. Architectural elements in Bihar include Buddhist stupas, grand temples, and intricate tombs, mirroring the artistic evolution of the Mauryan, Buddhist, and Mughal eras. Notable features include fortified cities with massive gates, moats, and multi-story structures adorned with arched windows and doors, highlighting the region’s architectural grandeur.
Architecture of Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh, a landlocked state in Central India, is the ninth largest by area and the seventeenth most populous, with approximately 30 million residents. It shares borders with seven states: Uttar Pradesh to the north, Madhya Pradesh to the northwest, Maharashtra to the southwest, Jharkhand to the northeast, Odisha to the east, and Andhra Pradesh and Telangana to the south.
Architecture of Goa
Goa, situated on India’s southwestern coast in the Konkan region, is geographically distinct from the Deccan highlands due to the Western Ghats. It shares borders with Maharashtra to the north, Karnataka to the east and south, and is flanked by the Arabian Sea to the west. As India’s smallest state by area and fourth-smallest by population, Goa boasts the highest GDP per capita among Indian states, more than double the national average.
Architecture of Gujarat
Gujarat, a state in western India, boasts a rich architectural heritage that spans millennia, reflecting its dynamic history, cultural diversity, and artistic excellence. Gujarat has nurtured a unique blend of architectural styles as a land that witnessed the rise of ancient civilizations, medieval dynasties, colonial powers, and modernist movements. From the meticulously planned cities of the Harappan Civilization to the ornate temples of the Chaulukya dynasty, the grandeur of Islamic structures, and the innovation of modernist designs, Gujarat’s architecture serves as a testament to its evolving socio-political and cultural landscape.
Architecture of Haryana
Haryana’s architecture reflects a rich cultural heritage shaped by various civilizations, from the Indus Valley and Vedic periods to the Mughal era and British colonial rule. The state showcases an array of structures, including temples, forts, palaces, and modern buildings, making it a source of inspiration for architects and historians alike.
Architecture of Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh, nestled in the majestic Himalayas, boasts an architectural heritage that reflects its rich cultural tapestry and mountainous terrain. The region’s architecture is a blend of indigenous styles and influences from Tibetan, Buddhist, and Hindu traditions. Characterized by the use of locally sourced stone, timber, and slate, structures here range from ancient temples with intricate wood carvings to traditional homes known as Kath Kuni, built to withstand harsh weather conditions.
Architecture of Jharkhand
Known as “the land of forests,” Jharkhand is a state in eastern India with borders with Odisha, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Bihar. Known for its waterfalls, hills, and sacred sites like Baidyanath Dham and Parasnath, Jharkhand’s capital is Ranchi, with Dumka as its sub-capital. Despite being resource-rich, and producing over 4% of India’s minerals, the state faces significant poverty and malnutrition, with about 39% of its population below the poverty line. Predominantly rural, only 24% of Jharkhand’s population resides in urban areas.
Architecture of Karnataka
Karnataka’s architectural history spans from the Neolithic period, around 2000 BCE, when it evolved from simple shelters to ritualistic and religious structures. Early Neolithic people built huts using wattle and daub, supported by stone and bamboo, as seen in archaeological sites like Brahmagiri. The early Iron Age introduced megalithic stone burials, laying the groundwork for lasting architectural styles.
Architecture of Kerala
Kerala’s architecture, predominantly seen in Kerala and parts of Karnataka’s Tulu Nadu, stands out for its unique characteristics that distinguish it from other South Indian styles. While its foundations are in the broader Dravidian and Vedic traditions, Kerala’s architectural style has evolved in its way, especially when it comes to Hindu temple design.
Architecture of Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh, a state steeped in history, offers a fascinating blend of architectural styles that narrate its vibrant cultural past. The state’s structures reflect a confluence of artistic traditions, from majestic temples and ancient fortresses to intricately carved stupas and serene mosques. The Nagara style dominates temple architecture, with its distinct tower-like spires reaching for the skies. In contrast, the influence of Islamic architecture is evident in the elegant domes and arches of mosques and tombs.
Architecture of Maharashtra
Maharashtra, a dynamic state in western India, boasts a wealth of architectural wonders that have evolved over centuries, reflecting the legacy of various civilizations. The state’s diverse and rich heritage is evident in the variety of architectural styles and structures found across its landscape, from ancient rock-cut caves and imposing forts to magnificent temples and colonial-era buildings. Each architectural style encapsulates the region’s historical, cultural, and geographical influences, merging local traditions with outside inspirations.
Architecture of Manipur
Manipur, a state in northeastern India, is renowned for its rich cultural heritage and architectural splendor. The state’s architectural landmarks are a testament to its historical significance and the diverse influences that have shaped its identity. From the ancient Kangla Palace, a symbol of the Meitei rulers, to the traditional temples and festival venues that reflect the spiritual and cultural practices of the region, Manipur’s architectural landscape provides an exemplary glimpse into its past.
Architecture of Meghalaya
Meghalaya, the “Abode of Clouds,” is a picturesque state in the northeastern region of India. Known for its lush green landscapes, abundant rainfall, and vibrant cultural tapestry, Meghalaya also boasts a unique architectural heritage that is deeply intertwined with its natural environment and the lifestyles of its indigenous communities.
Architecture of Mizoram
The Mizoram, an underappreciated jewel in India’s northeast, has a wonderful thread of history and culture that is exquisitely depicted by its historic monuments. As we travel around this wondrous region, we come across tangible traces of history that serve as evidence of the people’s tenacity and artistic talent. Mizoram’s cultural landmarks, which range from old watchtowers guarding the hills to finely crafted churches that merge architectural splendor with spirituality, clearly depict its heritage.
Architecture of Nagaland
The Naga tribes, consisting of more than twenty different groups, have an extensive history of architectural creativity, seen in the distinctive styles of their homes. These homes represent the ideals and spirit of Naga civilization, serving as more than just architectural constructions but also as archives of cultural legacy. Every feature of Naga tribal homes is rich in symbolism and history, from the colorful murals that cover the walls to the finely carved pillars.
Architecture of Odisha
India has an incredible history, vast secrets, and breathtaking architecture. The state of Odisha is one such secret. As stated in the Indian National Anthem, Odisha was formerly known as “Utkala.” Its Bay of Bengal shoreline is magnificent. The state of Odisha boasts a wealth of cultural customs and history. It is the location of some of the best-preserved specimens of ancient Indian architecture, such as Buddhist stupas, Hindu temples, and Jain rock-cut caves. The Kalinga architectural style originated in the state, which was host to the legendary Kingdom of Kalinga.
Architecture of Punjab
Punjab is famous for having a vivid culture. Traditional modest house designs in Punjab have continuously exuded a vibrant and earthy atmosphere. Families today usually include classic features in their décor, even though they may prefer contemporary or present styles. What’s interesting to observe is the evolution of Punjabi architecture and house design. It draws from various historical periods, including the Indo-Aryan and Vedic periods, the Mauryan, Gupta, Pala, and other empires; the Shahi kingdoms; the Muslim invasion; the Sikh reign; and the British colonial period.
Architecture of Rajasthan
Talking about Rajasthan, the city is very rich in architecture, culture, and traditions; the only thing it lacked was maintenance. The city’s beauty could have been preserved if it had been better maintained. Nature, bougainvillea is found in abundance, but trees are a little fewer here; nevertheless, the lakes of Udaipur make it the most scenic place.
Architecture of Sikkim
The Himalayan state of Sikkim has influenced its neighborhood with its history, economy, society, resources, biodiversity, and serene views. It is also the second-smallest and least populous state in India. The word “Sikkim” originated from the combination of two Limbu words: “su,” meaning “new,” and “khyim,” meaning “palace” or “house.” The Bhutias and Tibetan names for Sikkim are Beyul Demazong (meaning “the hidden valley of rice”) and Drenjong (which also means “valley of rice’) respectively. The Lepcha call it “Nye-mae-el,” meaning “paradise.”
Architecture of Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu is enriched with about 800-2000 years old and 33,000 ancient temples. Tamil Nadu is one of the states with the highest number of Hindu Temples in it. The Tamil Nadu temples depict a typical south Indian culture and the Dravidian style of architecture. The architecture of Tamil Nadu gradually shifted from rock-cut to structural architecture, and this evolution can be seen in the step-like towers of the temples. The evolution can also be seen in the group of temples of Mahabalipuram. The cave temples had extensive construction in the south Indian style, with the pillars being square in plan. Not only temple architecture, but Tamil Nadu is also home to the colonial style of architecture as an imperative part, which can be seen in the capital city of Chennai.
Architecture of Telangana
The architecture of Telangana dates back to over 2000 years, generally around the 10th to 12th century. During that time, Telangana was under the reign of the Chalukyas and Kakatiyas. The state of Telangana covers the Deccan Plateau of India, bordering the coastal plains of the state of Andhra Pradesh. Telangana has produced regional variants of broader styles of architecture of India, both in Hindu temple architecture style, as well as in Indo-Islamic architecture style.
Architecture of Tripura
The architecture of Tripura is mainly influenced by its traditions, climate, and functionality, and the structures are generally constructed using locally available materials including bamboo, cane, lime, and mud. To provide the structure a little more strength, materials like bricks, rock slabs, surkhi, and stone chips, are also being used these days. Being in a heavy rainfall zone, slope roofs are a common feature in the architecture of Tripura.
Architecture of Uttar Pradesh
The architecture of Uttar Pradesh shows an eclectic and diverse amalgamation of Buddhist, Hindu, Indo-Islamic, and Indo-European styles of architecture. It includes a variety of monuments, starting from Buddhist stupas to Viharas, Ancient Monasteries, Forts, Townships, Temples, Palaces, Ghats, Mosques, Memorials, and other community structures. The state grew up from the ancient Indo-Aryan civilization, from which a powerful stream of empires and kingdoms rose – Koshala, Kashi, Malla, Vatsa, Panchala, and Chedi Mahajanapadas.
Architecture of Uttarakhand
The architecture of Uttarakhand depends on locally and effectively accessible materials like stone and wood. It does not just mirror the cozy connection between common folks and nature but also the socio-cultural history of this area. Wood and stone were the staple building materials in ancient times of Uttarakhand. Individuals of Uttarakhand likewise kept a symbiotic relationship with the climate/ environment and attempted to foster technologies/ innovations fit to the nearby conditions. The traditional architecture of Uttarakhand is consequently with the end goal that, it gives a high level of solace for a more drawn-out part of the day while potentially limiting energy use.
Architecture of West Bengal
The architecture of Bengal consists of the present country of Bangladesh and the Indian province of West Bengal, Tripura, and Assam. Bengali architecture incorporates ancient urban architecture, religious architecture, rural vernacular architecture, colonial town hall, and ranch-style houses, and present-day urban styles. Bengal is wealthy in good stone for building, and traditional Bengali architecture mostly uses brick and wood, often reflecting the style of the wood, bamboo, and thatch styles of local vernacular architecture for houses.
That’s all from this series. I hope you have found it useful and interesting, and it has helped you in some way or the other. See you in some other series, till then, as we say,
KEEP READING, KEEP GROWING!
