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India has an incredible history, vast secrets, and breathtaking architecture. The state of Odisha is one such secret.
As stated in the Indian National Anthem, Odisha was formerly known as “Utkala.” Its Bay of Bengal shoreline is magnificent. The state of Odisha boasts a wealth of cultural customs and history. It is the location of some of the best-preserved specimens of ancient Indian architecture, such as Buddhist stupas, Hindu temples, and Jain rock-cut caves. The Kalinga architectural style originated in the state, which was host to the legendary Kingdom of Kalinga.
The Aryan temples in the sacred city of Bhubaneshwar exhibit the unique architectural style of Orissa. The architectural style is known as Indo-Aryan architecture or the Nagara style.
So let’s delve into the diverse architectural ocean of Odisha with this blog!
The Kalinga Architecture
Native to eastern India, the Hindu Kalinga architectural style originated in ancient Kalinga, also called Utkal, and the present-day state of Odisha. This architectural style comprises three different kinds of temples—Rekha Deula, Pidha Deula, and Khakhara Deula. Temples honoring Vishnu, Surya, and Shiva are associated with the first two, while the third is mostly devoted to Chamunda and Durga. The sanctum sanctorum is located in the mansions of Rekha and Khakhara Deula, and the Pidha Deula is made up of exterior dancing and offering courts.
Sacred iconography has been present in Kalinga, the ancient home of Sakta worship, since the time of myth. Studies carried out recently indicate that idols (deities) used to be placed under auspicious trees.
For the management of the individuals involved, there is a certain chain of command. They belong to the following categories:
- Kartā: Typically, the state’s king is referred to as the chief patron of the temple.
- Mukhya Sthapati: The chief architect or the Mukhya Sthapati, is also the master of mathematical calculations, Vastu, Dharma, and Shilpa Shastras. He turns the vision of the Kartā into a set of requirements for an architectural design.
- Sutra Grahani or the Chief Engineer: He is the one who converts the architectural blueprint into real geometric dimensions.
- Erdhanikas: Masons and stonecutters
- Taksaka: The masterful stone sculptor whose hands write poetry in stone is responsible for all the stunning engravings and carvings of diverse kinds that captivate us.
- Choice of materials: To build Kalinga deula (temples), certain stone classes are auspicious. Seven certain types of stone are considered ideal by the ancient architecture book Shilpa Chandrika, and specific types are utilized for distinct parts of the temple: Baḍa Pagaḍa, Dhobā Kuṇḍa, Sahaṇa, Chhita Sāhaṇa, Rasa Chiṇḍa, and Niḷa Kusāṇa. The majority of Kalingan temples are constructed with these stones, yet a handful have been made with clay bricks.
- Naga Bāndheni: The direction of the temple and the auspicious time to start building the sacred structure are determined using this complex and ancient procedure found in Shilpa Shastra.
- Pitha and Potā (Mobile Foundation): Massive, coarsely cut theodolite stones are used to level the Potā (pit). An additional stratum of theodolite stones, designated as the piṭha, is built by the dimensions and configuration of the ground plan. This is the temple’s foundation. We witness this piṭha at different elevations on numerous occasions.
- Bhunksa (ground floor plan): The ground plan of the planned temple is carved on the perfectly leveled Piṭha by the Sthapati and Sutragrahaṇi using a sharp-edged instrument, keeping the Sanku (the vertical axis through the middle of Asṭadala Padma Chakaḍā) as precisely at the center of Garbhagruha.
- Deuḷa: Odisha’s temples are inspired by the human body and rest on a few basic principles of stability. The Bāḍa (Lower Limb), Ganḍi (Body), and Cuḷa/Mastaka (Head) are the three main divisions of the superstructure.
In Odisha, temples built in the traditional local architecture usually have a lalatabimba, or central protecting image, of Gajalaxmi in lalitasana over the entrance to the sanctuary or temple.
Classification of Deuḷa temples in Odisha –
- Baitala Deula: The earliest example of baitala deula can be found in the 9th-century temples like the Hindu Khakara Temple, dedicated to Goddess Chamundi.
- Rekha Deula: Lingaraja and Jagannatha Temple are prominent examples of rekha deula.
- Pidha Deula: The Sun Temple of Konark has pidha deula.
- Varahi Deula: The Chaurasi Durga Temple in Bhubaneshwar is a classic example of varahi deula.
The Temple Architecture of Odisha
The terms rekha and bhadra are used to classify Orissan temples. A terraced pyramid is called a bhadra, and a conical, beehive-shaped spire is called a rekha.
The elements of the rekha are titled “shin,” “trunk,” “neck,” and “skull,” implying that the temple was considered a miniature representation of Prajapati, the Cosmic Man. The Rekha is further subdivided into bhumis or stages, each headed by a particular deity. Since these sikharas were thought to be architectural clones of Mount Meru or Kailasa, they have been officially recognized as mountains.
Some of the most important temples in Odisha are listed below:
Parasuramesvara Temple
The oldest example of Indo-Aryan architecture in Bhubaneshwar is the Parasuramesvara temple, which dates back to 650 A.D. It comprises a rekha-style tower sanctuary with a covered porch appended. This tower is just a larger version of the ones found in the Gupta Period sanctuaries and the Galaganatha at Pattadakal. Lord Shiva’s metal trident is supported by a complete crown atop the tower, which is defined by hefty corner quoins shaped like a lotus blossom on each floor. Low reliefs of dancing dwarfs and pierced stone lattice windows adorn the porch, which is covered in corbelled slabs of thick masonry.
Lingaraja Temple
One of Orissa’s most notable architectural features is the Lingaraja temple, constructed around 1000 A.D. The Lingaraja temple is located in a vast courtyard that is more than 25,000 square feet in size and is surrounded by sturdy walls. This temple is located in a spacious courtyard that is more than 25,000 square feet in size and is surrounded by sturdy walls. It has a 180-foot tower with intricate carvings on it. The original, cubical form of the cella is fully blended with the curvilinear profile of the tower in the completely beehive-shaped Sikhara. Turrets that repeat the shape of the tower as a whole are inserted one above the other in the spire’s alternately convergent ribs.
They are constructed solely on the principle of corbelled vaulting, giving the impression of a hollow pyramid containing overlapping masonry courses that are covered by the structure’s terminal cap. The Lingaraja temple’s sikhara was preceded by several Bhadra-style porches used for worshippers’ accommodations and religious performances. There are two mandirs at the Lingaraj temple: the Nata mandir and the Bhog mandir, which was constructed much later.
The Sun Temple of Konark
The Sun Temple of Konark is among the most magnificent architectures of Odisha, in fact, India. The king Narasimhadeva oversaw the construction of this sanctuary. Built in the thirteenth century, the structure has twenty-four wheels and seven horses, resembling the silhouette of a massive chariot. Originally, this sanctuary was dedicated to Surya, the sun deity. The fact that the entire sanctuary was intended to be an architectural representation of the god’s chariot around the perimeter of the basement platform, which is where the temple itself lies, is among the most notable aspects of the temple’s design. Massive free-standing statues of horses were erected in the vicinity of the main entrance, giving the impression that the god’s chariot was being pulled through the sky, achieving the illusion of the solar automobile. The sculptures had twelve enormous wheels that were elaborately carved out of stone.
The main remnant that still exists at Konark is the tall porch, also known as the ceremonial hall. The plan is to build a huge stone edifice that is 100 feet square and rises to an elevation of 100 feet. It is believed that the incomplete spire rose to a height of about two hundred feet. The external decoration perfectly complements the building’s overall mass and line. The Black Pagoda is another name for the sun temple, and the Kamasutra serves as the inspiration for the sculptures. About 1250 CE, the temple is credited to King Narasingha Deva I of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.
The temple complex that is still standing is devoted to the Hindu sun god Surya. It resembles a gigantic stone chariot with enormous wheels and horses that stand thirty meters tall.
It is still unclear and a matter of debate what caused the Konark temple to collapse. Theories about what happened to the temple during its multiple Muslim army raids between the 15th and 17th centuries range from natural degradation to purposeful demolition.
As early as 1676, European sailor tales referred to this temple as the “Black Pagoda” because it resembled a large, black, tiered tower. In a similar vein, the Puri Jagannath Temple was named the “White Pagoda“. In the Bay of Bengal, these temples were significant landmarks for mariners. The archeological teams from British India were able to partially rebuild the temple that is still standing through their conservation efforts. A prominent Hindu pilgrimage site, it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984. Thousands of Hindus come here annually for the Chandrabhaga Mela, which takes place during February.
The reverse side of the 10 rupee note in India features a picture of the Konark Sun Temple, symbolizing the temple’s significance to Indian cultural legacy.
Jagannatha Puri Temple
One of the largest temples in Orissa is considered to be the Jagannath temple in Puri. Dedicated to Lord Jagannath, also known as Lord Krishna, the temple was built in the twelfth century. Images illustrating the life of Lord Jagannath adorn the huge pillars that support the temples. The temple is surrounded by walls on all sides, with gates on each side. The Horse gate, the Tiger gate, the Elephant gate, and the Lion gate are the four total gates. The inner chamber, which houses the deity, is elevated above the main tower. Built on hilly terrain, the main temple construction rises to a height of 65 meters. There is a wheel made of 8 metal alloy crowning the temple.
The Vernacular Architecture of Odisha
The climate of the place has influenced the architecture. The state’s residences are well known for having courtyard-based architecture. The main open space in the house is used as an outdoor space for a variety of household activities and get-togethers. Certain homes have a lower-built upper level, typically to make room for a kitchen or other feature. In rural areas, thatched roofs made of grass or stuff like palm leaves are common. During the sweltering summer months, these roofs offer significant heat shielding for the interior spaces.
Huts having conical thatched roofs are called “golamundis” or “mundi ghars” in rural settings. These are straightforward cabins that are perfect for rural living.
“Pattachitra Houses,” which symbolize traditional artwork (Pattachita) painted on walls and ceilings, are a common feature of rural communities. In Odisha, sloped roofs that collect rainwater in tanks or ponds are common examples of vernacular architecture designed to address the region’s water management concerns.
Vernacular dwellings sometimes include simple carvings, artwork, and ornamental elements on their walls, doors, and windows, which add to the buildings’ aesthetic appeal.
Traditional Housing Elements of Odisha
Danda (Chakk)
This is a sacred place as per the ‘vastu shastra’ present in each village. It may also have a ‘Trinath Mandir’, where three roads may intersect depicting three phases of life, birth, workplace, and death.
Tulsi Chaura
There is a Tulsi chaura, a gathering space for festivals, ceremonies, and festivities, in every home.
Dand (Aangan)
The place where the cattle shed (open and closed) and parking are located in front of the home. Kids play in this location.
Cattle Shed
There are two cows and two bullocks in the cattle shed. Furthermore, food grains and crops like pumpkins, coconuts, etc. are stored here.
Gahira (Agricultural Land)
Cultivation is the primary activity of the people of Orissa, and there is a lot of agricultural land all around the village.
Pokhori (Pond)
In some places, a small pond plays a significant role. There ought to be a pond at every residence. The major uses for the ponds include fish farming, vegetable farming, bathing, laundry, and clothing washing.
Bari (Backyard)
Nearly all the significant household chores are performed here like rice harvesting, drying of grains and woods, hay storage, and poultry work.
Fire Wood Storage
This place is used for storage for emergency fire woods, grinding, and sanitation.
Duara (Central Courtyard)
It’s a highly sensible place that adapts to many climates. The “Courtyard effect” keeps the nearby rooms cool during the summer. People enjoy being under the sun in their courtyards during winters.
Attu (Inside Roof)
They are horizontal roofs that are plastered with clay, supported by bamboo, and framed with the trunks of palm trees. These roofs are useful for storage and heat resistance.
Doors
The conventional doors in these homes are both elegant and remarkably sturdy. Perfectly positioned battens are hammered with long iron nails.
Hay roofs with sloping bamboo frames are used in states like Orissa, which frequently experience cyclones and high rainfall.
Given the temperature range of 21°C to 32°C, thick walls are ideal.
Orissa people are highly self-sufficient, therefore they prefer that the food they need for daily consumption—vegetables, fish, poultry, meat, cotton, paddy, pulses, and cereals—be produced or raised nearby in their fields and homes.
Different social groups live in the community’s designated lanes, such as “milkman’s lane,” “goldsmith’s lane,” etc.
The building materials utilized are hay, soil, bamboo, and palm tree trunks; these materials are readily available and reasonably priced in the area.
Modern Architecture of Odisha
Krushi Bhawan, Bhubaneshwar
A government building that reimagines the state-people relationship. The government of Odisha’s Department of Agriculture & Farmers’ Empowerment built Krushi Bhawan, a 130,000-square-foot administrative center that can house areas for community participation and learning in addition to serving as an office for a staff of about 600 people. Located in Bhubaneshwar, the state capital of Odisha, which is home to numerous agrarian villages and ranks third in terms of grain supply to India, is Krushi Bhawan. The State Guest House and the Police Commissionerate Building are two of the powerful ancillary facilities that are situated close to the new campus, which is situated next to the former ministry office.
Fortune Towers, Bhubaneshwar
A fine instance of bilateral symmetry and balanced architecture with an aesthetically pleasant setting that creates harmony and order is the contemporary building known as Fortune Tower. Grandeur is evoked by a multi-story high-rise with enclosed curtain walls and a sizable entrance portico.
Twin City Tower, Cuttack Highway
With its distinctive façade design, Twin City Tower’s modern architecture is the smartest combination of office and commercial space in the city. The construction is not monotonous thanks to the unevenly formed perforations. When people are inside at night, there will be a glow coming from the outside surfaces.
Sandy Tower, Bhubaneswar
A notable illustration of how contemporary transitional symmetry produces a rotating pattern is Sandy Tower. To generate the impression of aesthetic proportion and flexible space, a single design is moved six times at equal intervals.
Esplanade Forum Mall, Rasulgarh
Though the city is home to many intriguing buildings, the planned Esplanade Forum Mall sticks out as being a little “off the norm” due to its iconic design and complex, freeform wrap structure, which give it an eye-catching appearance.
Triplex, Bhubaneshwar
The structure appears to be divided into three sections: the central section is kept straight, the rest is treated with a blend of curtain walls and patterns of concrete massing, above which the high-lighting signage beautifully stands out; one section is inclined in shape of the alphabet A encased with curtain walls.
Modern Holiday Home with 100-year-old History
Interior designer and stylist Raveena Baheti was astounded by the century-old Odisha cottage when she first laid eyes on it and accepted the task of rebuilding and renovating it. “It was like being handed over a piece of history. The home came with ancient mascots that adorned the exterior of the house, double height ceiling and beautiful sloping roof. We wanted to retain these feature while giving a fresh colonial makeover to the exterior with white walls and arched windows with black metal frames,” explains Baheti, a principle designer at B&A Design Studio.
The burnt peach wooden wainscoting in the living room gives the space texture and visual flair. The semi-modern furniture is set against a lovely backdrop of Odisha artifacts.
Giving the vacation house a modern makeover without compromising its innate old-world charm was the brief. The clients were eager to highlight this new scheme’s lightness and seamless functionality. This was accomplished by extensively altering the building’s structure.
The Silver City – Cuttack
Situated at the head of the Mahanadi River Delta, which is created by the major river and its tributary, the Kathjuir Rivers, Cuttack is almost an island in the eastern Indian state of Odisha. The city’s 1000-year history makes it a millennium city. Cuttack is proud of having served as the state capital for many years under the Mughals, Afghans, and Marathas before the British arrived.
Within 25 kilometers of Cuttack, Bhubaneswar is the twin city and has been the state capital since 1956. Ever since Cuttack has emerged as the state’s commercial center. A popular tourist destination with its beauty found in its archeological marvels, captivating beaches, and historic temples, Cuttack is also rich in its cultural past, extravagance, and brotherhood.
Cuttack is the judicial center of Odisha and home to the state’s High Court. Cuttack, which occupies an area of 192.5 square kilometers, serves as the state’s commercial hub and is home to numerous industries and enterprises. Cuttack is known by the names Bauna Bazaar and Tepana Galle, or 52 marketplaces and 53 streets because it is an unplanned city that is distinguished by its maze-like alleys and lanes.
Because of its widely recognized silver filigree artwork, Cuttack is renowned as the “Silver City.” It is amazing to see delicate silver wires fashioned into exquisite jewelry, cutlery, and décor pieces.
The second-biggest trade show in Asia, the Bali Yatra event is held to commemorate trade with Bali, where merchants have been importing items from East Asian nations for over 500 years to resell in Cuttack. Beautiful historic buildings provide a backdrop for the city’s rich cultural history and historical tales.
The word Cuttack, which comes from the Sanskrit word meaning “fort,” was inspired by the old Barabati castle. Old buildings like Barabati Fort, which has a nine-story palace reminiscent of Cuttack’s illustrious history with a moat, gate, and earthen mound, exhibit ancient architectural style. A 20-yard-wide ditch and an elaborately carved entryway characterize the khondalite stone palace, which is a historically significant site where numerous statues and deities have been excavated recently. Simultaneously, the recently constructed contemporary cricket stadium adjacent to Barabati Fort attracts the interest of tourists.
The Kataka Chandi Temple, also called the Cuttack Temple and devoted to the Hindu goddess Chandika, is another noteworthy instance. In Cuttack, the oldest temple, which has an idol of the goddess Chandi and is situated on the banks of the Mahanadi River, is a well-liked tourist destination. This historic temple’s architecture, with its majestic entryway, is a representation of Odiya culture and customs.
The 18th-century Kadam Rasool Mosque is a highly revered location for Muslims throughout the nation. You have an even greater appreciation for the building when you consider that a Hindu king is credited with creating the Indo-Persian architectural style.
With its excellent facilities and expansive areas, the Odisha Maritime Museum holds a wealth of knowledge about early maritime exploration and navigational technology in the form of artifacts, maps, and models.
The city’s traditional charm is evolving into a more sophisticated and modern form with multistory buildings and cutting-edge architecture, but its integrity remains in the abundance of distinctive cultural elements.
The Architect of Odisha
Indian architect and artist Raghunath Mohapatra was born on March 24, 1943, and died on May 9, 2021. He was also a nominee member of the Rajya Sabha.
Awards he has been bestowed with –
- Padma Vibhushan, 2013
- Padma Bhushan, 2001
- Padma Shri, 1976
- National Award for Sculpture, 1964
In 2000, the Indian government’s Ministry of External Affairs nominated him to the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR).
Since 1963, he has worked for the Government of Odisha, Bhubaneswar, as a Senior Instructor and Superintendent of the Handicraft Training & Designing Center.
Mohapatra was an expert on Shilpa Sastra and started creating idols based on sacred Hindu imagery at a young age, despite having no professional training in the art.
At the age of twenty, Mohapatra made stone idols of devadasis and gods and sold them on the streets of Pathuria Sahi in the 1960s. Officials from the Handicraft Training and Designing Centre in Bhubaneswar saw the beauty of his work and extended an offer to hire him as a tutor. He went on to become the institute’s superintendent, a senior instructor, and a master craftsman after that.
Places to Visit in Odisha
Boasting a 500 km (310 mi) coastline, lakes, mountains, natural biodiversity, and rivers, tourism plays a major role in the economy of Odisha. With its abundance of wildlife reserves, temples, beaches, monuments, the arts, and festivals, Odisha is one of India’s most popular tourist destinations.
Ekamra Kshetra, or the temple cities of Bhubaneswar, Puri, Jajpur, and Ganjam, is home to the majority of Odisha’s temples.
Some other famous temples in Odisha are –
- Mukteswar Temple, Bhubaneswar
- Gundicha Temple, Puri
- Rajarani Temple, Bhubaneswar
- Vaital Deula Temple, Bhubaneswar
- Maa Taratarini Temple, Purusottampur
Famous Buddhist Monuments of Odisha –
- Dhauli
- Pushpagiri
- Lalitgiri
- Ratnagiri
- Jain monuments
- Udayagiri
- Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves
Some Major Forts of Odisha –
- Barabati Fort
- Raibania Fort
- Chudanga Gada
- Sisupalgarh
The Lucrative Lakes of Odisha –
- Tampara Lake (One of the largest freshwater lakes in the state)
- Chilka Lake (Asia’s largest brackish water lake and the second largest brackish water lake in the world)
- Anshupa Lake (Horseshoe-shaped freshwater lake)
- Kanjia Lake
Major Waterfalls in the State –
- Barehipani Falls
- Badaghagara Waterfall
- Devkund Waterfall
- Joranda Falls
- Duduma Waterfalls
- Khandadhar Falls, Kendujhar
- Koilighugar Waterfall
- Khandadhar Falls, Sundagarh
- Sanaghagara Waterfall
Hot Springs of Odisha –
- Atri
- Taptapani
- Deulajhari
- Tarabalo
The Beaches –
Odisha boasts a 500-kilometer (310-mile) coastline. This coastline’s notable beaches include:
- Chandipur Beach
- Gopalpur Beach
- Chandrabhaga Beach
- Puri Beach
- Gahirmatha Beach
- Talasari Beach
Some Sanctifying Sanctuaries –
- Baisipalli Wildlife Sanctuary
- Balukhand-Konark Wildlife Sanctuary
- Balimela Wildlife Sanctuary
- Bhitarkanika Mangroves
- Chandaka Elephant Sanctuary
- Bhitarkanika National Park
- Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary
- Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary
- Hadgarh Wildlife Sanctuary
- Kondakameru Wildlife Sanctuary
- Nandankanan Zoological Park
- Lakhari Valley Wildlife Sanctuary
- Sunabeda Tiger Reserve
- Satkosia Tiger Reserve
Some Scenic Spots of the State –
- Barunei
- Daringbadi
- Dhamra
- Gupteswar Cave
- Chandbali
- Tensa
- Satabhaya
- Saptasajya
- Balda Cave
Major Museums –
- Odisha State Museum
- Tribal Research Institute Museum
- Regional Museum of Natural History, Bhubaneswar
- Odisha Crafts Museum
The Famous Islands of Odisha –
- Breakfast Island (pear-shaped, also called “Sankuda island“) with the ruins of a run-down cottage, was built by the King of Kalikote.
- Beacon Island, with an architectural conical pillar was constructed by Mr. Snodgrass.
- Honeymoon Island, is known as Barkuda Island, and is 5 km (3.1 mi) from Rambha Jetty. This island has clear water with a good amount of green and red macroalgae. It also hosts limbless lizards, and other endemic species.
- Somolo and Dumkudi islands are situated in the lake’s central and southern sectors. They are also noted for having Irrawaddy dolphin sightings.
- Birds’ Island, which is part of the lake’s southern region, features large exposed hanging rocks, rich algae communities, a few mangrove species, and winter migrations of migrating birds.
- Nature enthusiasts will find paradise on the Garh Krishnaprasad Block’s Parikud group of composite islands.
- The temple on Kalijai Island is thought to be the residence of the goddess Kalijai.
- Satpada Island, offers stunning views of the lake as well as glimpses of dolphins.
- Lord Varuna’s temple is located on Barunkuda, a small island close to Magarmukh, the lake’s outlet.
- Chourbar Island features a Shiva Temple close to the Alupatna settlement, along the outer channel.
- Babagraha Island has an old deity located along the outer channel.
- The Bhabakundeswar Island has the temple of Lord Shiva, located near Manikpatna, and an old mosque with an entrance door fashioned from whale teeth.
- The island of the mouth of the lake and the sand bar that divides it from the sea are both remarkable and unexplored. The beach spans 30 km (18.6 mi) and is deserted.
Let’s Wrap!
The state’s legacy and history are now being supplanted by urbanization. Numerous cities throughout the state feature modern architecture.
But even if the state’s urbanization is having an increasing impact, many architects are still designing masterpieces that take the state’s cultural heritage into account. The government is preserving the state’s legacy by implementing programs like the Awas Yojana. Even with the state’s fast urbanization and progress, there are hidden gems that, according to locals, are “India’s Best Kept Secret” and proudly proclaim the state’s rich cultural legacy!
Citations
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- Sahu, Pratiksha. (n.d.). The Architectural Legacy of Odisha. [online] Available at: https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/city-and-architecture/a10912-the-architectural-legacy-of-odisha/
- indianetzone.com. (n.d.). Architecture of Orissa. [online] Available at: https://www.indianetzone.com/42/architecture_orissa.htm
- archinomy.com. (n.d.). Traditional House Cuttack, India. [online] Available at: https://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/traditional-house-cuttack-india/
- Pawar, Nivedita J. (June 01, 2022). Explore a 100-year-old bungalow in Odisha that was transformed into a modern holiday home. [online] Available at: https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/a-100-year-old-bungalow-in-odisha-transformed-into-a-modern-holiday-home/
- Abdel, Hana. (n.d.). Krushi Bhawan Studio Lotus. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/941738/krushi-bhawan-studio-lotus
- medium.com. (June 30, 2017). 5 Amazing Modern Contemporary Architecture of Bhubaneshwar. [online] Available at: https://medium.com/@auromirainteriorandarchitec/5-amazing-modern-contemporary-architecture-of-bhubaneswar-10bdfc0351c3
- Saraf, Tanvi. (n.d.). Architecture of Indian Cities—Cuttack: Odisha’s Silver City. [online] Available at: https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/rtf-fresh-perspectives/a2060-architecture-of-indian-cities-cuttack-odishas-silver-city/
- wikipedia.org. (n.d.). Konark Sun Temple. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple
- wikipedia.org. (n.d.). Raghunath Mohapatra. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghunath_Mohapatra
- wikipedia.org. (n.d.). Tourism in Odisha. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Odisha
- tripoto.com. (n.d.). 10 Places to Visit in Odisha to Feel the Diversity of the State. [online] Available at: https://www.tripoto.com/orissa/trips/10-places-to-visit-in-odisha-to-feel-the-diversity-of-the-state-6141b40dcf59a