Architecture of Jharkhand

16 MINUTE READ

What will you read in this blog about Jharkhand architecture –

1. To Start with Some Background
2. History of Architecture of Jharkhand
3. Tribal Architecture of Jharkhand
4. Temple Architecture of Jharkhand
5. How Does Religion Affect Jharkhand Architecture?
6. How is Architectural Heritage Preserved in Jharkhand?
7. Modern Architecture in Jharkhand
8. INTACH and Jharkhand Architecture
9. Ho Village of Jharkhand
10. Famous Architecture in Jharkhand
11. Places to Visit in Jharkhand
12. Concluding Lines

Before starting, we need to know that Jharkhand and its people are in danger despite being naturally rich. If you are unaware of Jharkhand’s situation, then you must watch the following detailed video by KK Create.

Enjoy reading!

To Start with Some Background!

Known as “the land of forests,” Jharkhand is a state in eastern India with borders with Odisha, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Bihar. Known for its waterfalls, hills, and sacred sites like Baidyanath Dham and Parasnath, Jharkhand’s capital is Ranchi, with Dumka as its sub-capital. Despite being resource-rich, and producing over 4% of India’s minerals, the state faces significant poverty and malnutrition, with about 39% of its population below the poverty line. Predominantly rural, only 24% of Jharkhand’s population resides in urban areas.

Humans have long coexisted with nature, developing reverence for its forces, which led to the worship of nature as a deity or spirit. This belief system ultimately evolved into organized religion, with temples (Devalayas) created as sacred spaces dedicated to these powers. In Hindu tradition, temples are constructed not only for prayer but as symbols of devotion, known as “Vastupurusa.”

Jharkhand’s temples reflect a unique architectural journey, marked by geometric and organic stone carvings that enhance the state’s religious and aesthetic heritage. The evolution of Jharkhand’s temple architecture is seen in three phases: Naqara, Bengal or Hindu-Mughal, and indigenous horizontal tier systems. Influenced by neighboring Orissa and Bengal, Jharkhand’s dynasties, including the Nagavanshi and Chera rulers, constructed temples for both private and public worship. Notable examples include the Maluti temples, Baba Baidyanath in Deoghar, Doisagarh temples, and the Jagannath temple in Ranchi, each contributing to Jharkhand’s diverse religious traditions and architectural legacy.

Jharkhand’s architectural heritage is a captivating reflection of its rich history and cultural diversity, blending influences that have evolved over centuries. The state’s architecture ranges from historic edifices to modern constructions, each structure narrating the legacy and traditions embedded in its design. This exploration of Jharkhand’s architectural landscape unveils how its buildings not only mirror the cultural ethos but also symbolize the state’s path toward modernization, making architecture a vital part of Jharkhand’s cultural identity and progress.

History of Architecture of Jharkhand

Jharkhand’s architectural evolution vividly reflects shifts in design and construction techniques across eras, influenced by ancient tribal settlements, dynastic rule, and colonial presence. Early structures, often simple and crafted from local materials, embody the practicality of tribal communities. As various dynasties ruled, indigenous designs merged with the styles of new rulers, such as the Mughal period’s mosques and forts featuring intricate carvings, arches, and domes. The colonial era introduced European aesthetics, seen in expansive verandas, high ceilings, and grand pillars in public buildings and churches. These historical layers have shaped Jharkhand’s architectural foundation, guiding its contemporary practices.

Architecture Styles of Jharkhand

Jharkhand’s architectural landscape reflects its rich history, geographical diversity, and cultural vibrancy through various styles seen in religious, residential, and public structures.

Religious Architecture: Jharkhand boasts unique religious sites, such as the Jagannath Temple in Ranchi, modeled after Puri’s temple but with local adaptations, and the Maluti temples in Dumka, famous for their terracotta carvings. Sufi shrines and colonial-style churches highlight the blend of indigenous and colonial influences.

Residential Architecture: Rural homes in Jharkhand, typically ‘Kutcha’ houses made of mud and bamboo, contrast with urban colonial bungalows, modern apartments, and traditional ‘Havelis,’ showcasing the region’s socioeconomic diversity.

Public Buildings: Jharkhand’s public architecture includes colonial-style government buildings like Ranchi’s State Central Library and culturally inspired structures such as the Tribal Museum, resembling a traditional hut and housing tribal artifacts.

Together, these architectural styles form a vivid tapestry that illustrates Jharkhand’s heritage, blending historical influences with local tradition.

Tribal Architecture of Jharkhand

The tribal communities of Jharkhand, including the Santhal, Munda, Ho, Oraon, and Kharia, have significantly shaped the region’s vernacular architecture, which is deeply connected to nature and sustainability. Using resources like bamboo, wood, mud, and straw, these tribes construct eco-friendly ‘Kutcha Houses’ with mud walls and sloping thatched roofs, ideal for the region’s climate. The mud walls regulate temperature, while the roof design facilitates rain runoff.

Beyond homes, tribal architecture includes community spaces like the ‘Akhara’ for meetings and cultural events, and ‘Manjhi Than,’ a religious site symbolizing the presence of tribal deities. Together, these structures illustrate the tribes’ architectural wisdom, balancing environmental harmony with practical, sustainable living.

Temple Architecture of Jharkhand

The architectural landscape of Jharkhand’s temples reflects a rich tapestry of influences, styles, and historical significance.

First Group: Orissan Style

The earliest temples in Jharkhand largely follow the Orissan architectural style, characterized by a main shrine (deul) without a Mukha Mandapa. These temples feature prominent curvilinear sikhara topped with Bhumi Amlakas and are adorned with geometric carvings, such as the Chaitya window motifs.

Key Examples:

1. Haradih Group of Temples (Ranchi District): Dating back to the 9th-10th centuries, these basalt temples show significant resemblance to evolved Orissan architecture, with niches for deities.
2. Khekparta Temple (Lohardaga District): A Pancha Ratha temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, showcasing the typical Orissan rekha-deul style.
3. Durga Temple of Deori (Ranchi District): Partly damaged but notable for its panchratha plan and beautiful carvings of the deity Asthabhuja Durga.
4. Upp Chutia Group of Temples (Dhanbad District): Features preserved temples with curvilinear sikhara and Pancha Ratha plans.
5. Mahadani Shiva Temple (Ranchi District): Exhibiting Orissan rekha-deul style with laterite stone blocks.
6. Tanginath Temple (Gumla District): Dating from the 7th-12th centuries, its architectural elements showcase Orissan influence.
7. Bhandra Temple (Lohardaga District): Features a high plinth and houses significant deities like Ganga and Yamuna, dating to the 11th-12th centuries.
8. Lhinjhini Pahadi Temple (Dhanbad District): Another Shiva temple noted for its curvilinear sikhara.

Second Group: Bengal and Mughal Influence

The second group showcases a shift toward Bengal and Mughal architectural styles, particularly in the use of terracotta plaques.

Key Examples:

1. Maluti Group of Temples (Dumka District): Comprising 72 temples, they feature Bengal terracotta decorations and reflect various Hindu epics.
2. Shyamsunderpur Temple (East Singhbhum District): Another notable terracotta temple depicting Krishna’s tales.
3. Chiteswara Temple (Hazaribagh District): This represents a blend of Hindu and Mughal architecture with significant Mughal plaster influences.
4. Kapilnath Temple (Basukinath): Notable for its three-storey structure reminiscent of Mughal designs.
5. Chutia Temple (Ranchi District): Built in 1727, this temple features a mix of styles and is dedicated to Lord Krishna and Rama.

Third Group: Indigenous Development

The final group consists of temples that exhibit indigenous styles with a slight pyramidal tier system, primarily found in northern Jharkhand.

Key Examples:

1. Baba Baidyanath Temple Group (Deogarh): Featuring pyramidal tier sikhara, these stone temples were built between the 16th and 19th centuries and are dedicated to Lord Shiva.
2. Shiva Temple at Dhauni: Known for its pyramidal sikhara and small brass Yakshini image.
3. Baba Kapileswar Dham (Pandra): A blend of curvilinear sikhara and horizontal tier style, dating back to the 12th-13th centuries.
4. Liloristhan Temple (Dhanbad): Displays horizontal tier systems and decorative arches.

How Does Religion Affect Jharkhand Architecture?

Religion has profoundly influenced Jharkhand’s architecture, with various faiths leaving distinct marks on the state’s built heritage. Hinduism, the dominant religion, has contributed to numerous temples, each reflecting traditional Indian temple design. A notable example is the Sun Temple near Ranchi, designed as a chariot with carved wheels, symbolizing deep Hindu religious themes.

Jainism’s influence is evident in the Parasnath Hills, a revered Jain pilgrimage site, featuring temples characterized by simplicity and elegance. Christianity introduced by British missionaries brought Gothic-inspired churches, like St. Mary’s Church in Ranchi, blending Gothic and Indian styles. Islamic architecture is showcased in structures like the Great Mosque of Dhanbad, featuring domes, minarets, and ornate calligraphy. Together, these religious structures enrich Jharkhand’s architectural landscape, highlighting its diverse cultural heritage.

How is Architectural Heritage Preserved in Jharkhand?

Efforts to preserve Jharkhand’s architectural heritage are robust, involving government, NGOs, and community groups. Key initiatives by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and the State Department of Archaeology focus on documenting, stabilizing, and safeguarding ancient sites. Alongside these, NGOs and local organizations promote awareness through workshops, heritage walks, and educational programs.

Jharkhand also integrates heritage conservation into urban planning, ensuring new infrastructure projects consider and protect nearby historical sites. Additionally, the state is enhancing heritage tourism by developing visitor facilities around historical sites, generating funds for upkeep, and educating tourists about Jharkhand’s cultural heritage. This collaborative approach helps safeguard Jharkhand’s architectural legacy for future generations.

Modern Architecture in Jharkhand

Jharkhand’s architectural landscape is undergoing a dynamic transformation, blending traditional styles with modern design as the state modernizes. In urban areas like Ranchi, Jamshedpur, and Dhanbad, planned townships and high-rise apartments offer advanced facilities while incorporating local architectural elements, merging tradition with contemporary style.

Public architecture has also seen significant developments, such as the Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha building in Ranchi, which exemplifies sustainable design and green building principles. The Ranchi Smart City project further aims to reshape the city with modern, eco-friendly designs. In institutional architecture, facilities like AIIMS in Deoghar and the Indian Institute of Management in Ranchi showcase cutting-edge infrastructure designed to enhance learning and healthcare.

Amid these advancements, architects are preserving Jharkhand’s cultural heritage by harmonizing modern structures with the local environment and traditions, ensuring the state’s unique architectural identity endures through modernization.

Even in the post-British era, Nagara-style architecture continues to evolve in Jharkhand. The Naulekha Temple at Deogarh stands as a significant modern example of stone temple architecture, reflecting both traditional artistry and contemporary design principles.

Overall, the temples of Jharkhand serve not only as religious institutions but also as architectural milestones, narrating the historical and cultural journey of the region through their diverse styles and intricate designs.

INTACH and Jharkhand Architecture

The efforts by the Department of Culture, Government of Jharkhand, to conserve identified heritage sites reflect a commitment to preserving the state’s rich historical and cultural legacy. Here’s an overview of the significant sites and ongoing conservation projects:

The government has recognized 27 heritage sites for conservation, with the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) preparing detailed project reports for these locations. The conservation work aims to restore and preserve the historical integrity of these sites for future generations.

Key Heritage Sites

• Audrey House, Ranchi:

Historical Significance: Over 150 years old, this site is an example of colonial architecture.

Conservation Efforts: Insensitive later additions and alterations have been removed.

Restoration includes:

1. Repair of damaged areas.
2. Stabilization and strengthening of brick walls.
3. Ongoing restoration of the sloping roof to maintain the building’s original character.

• Navratangarh, Gumla:

Historical Background: Built by the Nagvanshi rulers, this site is set in a picturesque natural landscape, adding to its cultural and scenic significance.

Conservation Focus: Efforts aim to preserve the architectural features and enhance the site’s accessibility and visibility.

• Palamu Group of Forts and Shahpur Fort, Latehar:

Historical Importance: Constructed by Medini Ray, a renowned Chero ruler, these forts serve as a testament to the region’s military architecture and historical narratives.

Conservation Initiatives: The focus here is on stabilizing structures and restoring elements that reflect their historical significance.

• Old Birsa Munda Jail, Ranchi:

Cultural Relevance: This site holds deep historical significance as the prison where the freedom fighter Birsa Munda was held and ultimately passed away.

Conservation Goals: Restoration efforts are directed towards preserving the memory and legacy of Birsa Munda, making it a vital point of historical education.

The conservation efforts in Jharkhand not only aim to restore physical structures but also seek to enhance public awareness and appreciation of the region’s heritage. By maintaining these sites, the government and organizations like INTACH are fostering a deeper connection between the community and its history, promoting cultural tourism, and preserving the legacy for future generations.

Ho Village of Jharkhand: Context and Structure

The houses in the Chotanagpur plateau of West Singhbhum district, Jharkhand, are a testament to the harmonious relationship between architecture and the surrounding environment. Built by the Ho tribe, these structures reflect the socio-cultural dynamics of the community, transcending mere shelter to become vessels of cultural transmission. The Ho people, being animists, do not have formal social institutions or religious buildings; instead, their architectural practices are deeply rooted in their agricultural lifestyle and natural surroundings.

Cultural Context

The Ho tribe maintains a simple yet effective economic structure, predominantly engaging in agriculture and cattle rearing. The absence of significant economic disparities allows for homogeneity in housing patterns, with the majority of homes constructed using locally sourced materials. The dense forest environment has influenced their choice of building materials, primarily wood, and mud, with the Sal tree being predominant in the region.

The design of the houses often incorporates a central courtyard, which serves multiple purposes, including a space for social interactions and daily activities. This design choice may also stem from the need to monitor wildlife movement, particularly elephants, prevalent in the area.

Climate

Jharkhand’s climate is categorized into three distinct seasons:

1. Winter (November to February): Temperatures can drop to around 4°C, requiring robust insulation in housing design.

2. Summer (March to May): Intense heat can reach up to 40°C, making ventilation and shaded areas crucial in design.

3. Monsoon (June to October): Average rainfall is approximately 1400 mm, necessitating sloping roofs to manage water runoff effectively.

Geographical Features

The Chotanagpur plateau, situated about 300 feet above sea level, experiences cooler temperatures compared to the Ganga plains due to its elevation. The region’s extensive forests support a diverse range of wildlife, influencing the Ho tribe’s lifestyle and architecture.

Cultural Practices

Rice serves as the staple food, and adequate storage for grains is a vital feature of every home. The tribe also produces rice beer called DIYANG, contributing to their cultural identity. Marriages are typically arranged, with a monogamous structure prevailing and tribal women enjoying relatively higher status in their communities. Daily rituals, including offerings to departed souls, often occur in the central courtyard, highlighting its significance in their social and cultural practices.

Available Resources

Traditionally, mud and wood were the primary construction materials. However, the rise of mining has introduced stones as a popular resource, transforming building practices over time.

Structure of Ho Village

The Ho village is characterized by:

– A sacred grove known as DESSAULI.

– A meeting and dancing ground referred to as AKHARA.

– Essential communal features like village streets, ponds, wells, and bore wells.

Structure of Ho House

The houses of the Ho tribe have evolved significantly over time:

– Historically thatched with wild grass, contemporary houses now utilize paddy straw or country tiles for roofing. Walls are increasingly made of locally sourced stones due to mining activities.

Basic Design Elements of the Houses

Each unit typically comprises the following spaces:

– The House

– Kitchen Garden: Adjacent to the house.

– Burial Ground

– Cattle Space

– Compost Area

Notably, the houses do not include internal bathrooms or toilets; these activities are conducted outside the village.

Structural and Functional Elements of the House

1. Main Compound:

   – Each house is enclosed by a well-defined boundary made of mud, stone, or wild bushes to protect against livestock intrusions.

2. Main Entrance Space:

   – The entrance connects the main courtyard and the street, with a southern orientation in the studied house.

3. House Typology:

   – The houses are typical of the courtyard type, facilitating various daily activities in an open space, enhancing privacy for women.

4. Cattle Accommodation:

   – A dedicated area for cattle is essential, emphasizing the animals’ importance in daily life.

Spatial Division

The house layout generally features three types of spaces:

– Open Spaces: Public areas for social gatherings.

– Semi-Open Spaces: Semi-public or private spaces, including courtyards.

– Covered Spaces: Private areas for living and storage.

Design Considerations

– The design incorporates distinct levels, with storage areas built at progressively lower levels to prevent damage during access.

– The courtyard serves as the lowest point to facilitate proper drainage, preventing water accumulation within living spaces.

The architectural evolution of the Ho tribe’s houses reflects a deep connection to their cultural practices, climatic conditions, and available resources. Each structure is a manifestation of the community’s relationship with nature and the social fabric that binds them together, making it a rich area of study for understanding indigenous architecture in the context of environmental and cultural interplay.

Famous Architecture in Jharkhand

Jharkhand is state rich in cultural heritage and history, featuring a variety of architectural marvels ranging from temples to forts and public buildings. These structures not only reflect the architectural styles of their respective periods but also serve as significant markers of the state’s cultural identity. Below are some of the most notable architectural sites in Jharkhand:

1. Jagannath Temple, Ranchi

The Jagannath Temple in Ranchi is a prominent religious site, built in the style of Puri’s famous Jagannath Temple. Known for its chariot-shaped architecture and intricate carvings, it attracts pilgrims and tourists alike, especially during the annual Rath Yatra festival, where devotees participate in a grand chariot procession.

2. Palamu Forts, Palamu

The twin forts of Palamu, comprising the Nagpuri and Shahpur forts, are historical monuments that exhibit the military architectural style of medieval India. Though in ruins, these forts still display remnants of their former grandeur, offering insight into the region’s storied past.

3. Tribal Heritage Museum, Ranchi

Designed to resemble a tribal hut, the Tribal Heritage Museum showcases the lifestyle and culture of Jharkhand’s tribal communities. It features a rich collection of artifacts, including murals, handicrafts, and traditional weapons, providing a window into the region’s diverse heritage.

4. Moti Jharna, Sahebganj

This church in Sahebganj district is noted for its stunning architecture and natural water fountain, offering a peaceful retreat for visitors.

5. Sun Temple, Ranchi

The Sun Temple is an architectural gem inspired by ancient Hindu designs, embodying the celestial chariot of Surya, the Sun God. With intricately carved walls that narrate cosmic tales, it serves as a serene space for spiritual seekers and cultural enthusiasts.

6. Angrabadi Temple Complex

Nestled in lush forests, the Angrabadi Temple Complex features a cluster of ancient Jain temples adorned with exquisite carvings. The panoramic views from the site enhance its spiritual ambiance, making it a perfect spot for reflection.

7. Rajrappa Temple

Situated along sacred riverbanks, the Rajrappa Temple is dedicated to Goddess Chinnamasta, famous for its unique idol and vibrant spiritual atmosphere. Pilgrims come to seek blessings and witness the powerful symbolism depicted in the goddess’s representation.

8. Deori Temple

Hidden within dense forests, the Deori Temple offers a glimpse into architectural brilliance and ancient inscriptions. Dedicated to the mother goddess, it fosters an ambiance of tranquillity and introspection, inviting visitors to connect with their spiritual selves.

9. Maluti Temples

In the serene village of Maluti, the Maluti Temples stand as a treasure of ancient architecture. These exquisite structures are characterized by intricate carvings, embodying the region’s rich cultural heritage and attracting visitors with their historical significance.

10. Pahari Mandir, Ranchi

Perched atop Ranchi Hill, Pahari Mandir provides stunning vistas of the city and a peaceful spiritual experience. The temple combines modern and traditional architectural elements, and the climb to its summit is an act of devotion, enhancing its allure.

11. Ranchi Lake

Ranchi Lake, a sparkling jewel in the heart of the city, is surrounded by lush gardens and promenades. It offers a tranquil escape for leisurely boat rides and evening strolls, serving as a perfect backdrop for relaxation and connection with nature.

12. Baidyanath Dham, Deoghar

Baidyanath Dham is one of the oldest temples in Jharkhand and is home to one of the 12 Jyotirlingas in India. The intricate stone and copper architecture of the main temple and the surrounding smaller temples create a captivating visual narrative. It is a major pilgrimage site, especially during the holy month of Shravan.

13. Surya Mandir, Bundu

Situated near Bundu, the Surya Mandir resembles a grand chariot and features stunning architectural designs. The temple is not only a place of worship but also hosts an annual Mela, celebrating the region’s vibrant culture.

14. Parasnath Jain Temple, Shikharji

Atop Mount Sammed Shikhar lies the Parasnath Jain Temple complex, a revered pilgrimage site for Jains. The area is believed to be where 20 of the 24 Jain Tirthankaras attained moksha, making it a significant spiritual destination surrounded by scenic beauty.

Major Attractions in Jharkhand

Notable Places in Jharkhand

Ranchi

Known as the “City of Waterfalls,” Ranchi is the capital of Jharkhand and is famous for its stunning waterfalls, including Dassam Falls and Hundru Falls. Ranchi is also known for Deer Park, Ranchi Lake, and Pahari Mandir.

Jamshedpur

Referred to as the “Steel City of India,” Jamshedpur boasts beautiful parks and natural spots like Dalma Hills, Jayanti Sarovar, and Jubilee Park. It’s an excellent destination for nature lovers.

Hazaribagh

Known for its lush vegetation and pleasant climate, Hazaribagh is home to Hazaribagh National Park, Canary Hill, and Rajrappa Temple, making it a great spot for wildlife tourism.

Deoghar

A significant religious site, Deoghar is famous for the Baba Baidyanath Temple, one of the twelve Jyotirlingas. Other attractions include Basukinath and Trikuta Hills.

Giridih

Known for its hills and Jain pilgrimage sites, Giridih features Parasnath Hills, Usri Fall, and Harihar Dham.

Sahibganj

A lesser-known yet attractive destination, Sahibganj offers spots like Mary’s Church, Rajmahal, and Shivgadi Temple, ideal for photography and trekking.

Dhanbad

Dubbed the “Coal Capital of India,” Dhanbad is a hub for religious tourism with sites like Dalmia and several Jain temples, alongside coal mining attractions.

Bokaro

Renowned for its steel industry, Bokaro features Jawaharlal Nehru Biological Park, Garga Dam, and City Park, appealing to leisure tourists.

Netarhat

Known as the “Queen of Chotanagpur,” Netarhat offers breathtaking views from Koel View Point and is famous for its sunsets.

Palamu

Home to a wildlife sanctuary and rich cultural history, Palamu attracts nature lovers and those interested in Indian culture.

Cultural and Artistic Highlights

Paitkar Paintings

An ancient folk art from East Singhbhum, using natural dyes derived from local flora.

Jadupatua Paintings

Developed by the Santhal tribal people, these scroll paintings utilize natural pigments.

Kohvar and Sohrai Paintings

Traditional tribal wall paintings are now also found on canvases, reflecting cultural heritage.

Terracotta Crafts

Jharkhand is known for its pottery, producing a variety of decorative and functional items from clay.

Betla National Park

A Tiger Reserve and a haven for wildlife enthusiasts, featuring diverse flora and fauna.

Unique Experiences and Activities

Tagore Hill

Offers beautiful views of Ranchi and has historical significance as a site connected to Rabindranath Tagore’s family.

Rajmahal Hills Trekking

Known for its geological significance, it attracts paleobotanists and nature lovers alike.

Litti Chokha

A popular local dish influenced by Bihari cuisine, showcasing the state’s culinary diversity.

Bamboo Shoots

A traditional food item that adds nutritional value to local diets.

Mitha Khaja

A beloved sweet in Jharkhand, often prepared during festivals and family gatherings.

Additional Tourist Attractions

Ghatshila: A picturesque town blending nature and spirituality.

Shikharji: A significant pilgrimage site for Jains located on Parasnath Hill.

Dasham Falls: A stunning waterfall known for its tranquility.

Massanjore Dam: An impressive dam across the Mayurakshi River, known for its scenic beauty.

These attractions and cultural highlights make Jharkhand a diverse destination for tourists interested in nature, spirituality, and local arts.

The Concluding Lines!

Jharkhand’s architectural landscape beautifully intertwines natural beauty and cultural heritage. Cities like Jamshedpur exemplify thoughtful urban planning, balancing industry and green spaces. The state’s religious sites, such as the Baba Baidyanath Temple, showcase intricate designs that reflect local traditions and spirituality. Traditional crafts, including Paitkar and Jadupatua paintings, enrich the cultural narrative, preserving indigenous artistry. Natural landscapes, like Netarhat and Palamu National Park, enhance architectural experiences, integrating the environment into the built heritage. Overall, Jharkhand’s architecture is a harmonious blend of modernity and tradition, offering a rich tapestry that celebrates its unique identity and history.

References

1. Wikipedia.org. (n.d.). Jharkhand. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand
2. testbook.com. (Aug 10, 2023). Architecture of Jharkhand. [online] Available at: https://testbook.com/jharkhand-gk/architecture-of-jharkhand
3. asiranchicircle.in. (n.d.). Temple Architecture of Jharkhand. [online] Available at: https://www.asiranchicircle.in/images/publication/PDF-file/Temple%20Architecture%20of%20Jharkhand.pdf
4. Special Places of India. (Dec 21, 2023). Timeless Jharkhand Monuments: An Architectural Anthology. [online] Available at: https://medium.com/@whitecamron596/timeless-jharkhand-monuments-an-architectural-anthology-94b0bf7cb9d0
5. archinomy.com. (n.d.). Traditional House in Jharkhand, India. [online] Available at: https://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/traditional-house-in-jharkhand-india/#google_vignette
6. intach.org. (n.d.). Heritage Conservation Projects In Jharkhand. [online] Available at: http://architecturalheritage.intach.org/?p=349
7. wedlockgreens.com. (n.d.). Famous Temples in Jharkhand. [online] Available at: https://www.wedlockgreens.com/blogs/famous-temples-in-jharkhand.html
8. godigit.com. (n.d.). What Is Jharkhand Famous For? Top 20 Popular Places & Things. [online] Available at: https://www.godigit.com/explore/popular/what-is-jharkhand-famous-for
9. holidify.com. (n.d.). Tourist Places in Jharkhand. [online] Available at: https://www.holidify.com/state/jharkhand/top-destinations-places-to-visit.html